Sunday, November 21, 2010

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national self WHY THE NOVEMBER 20 IS THE DAY SOVEREIGNTY?

Florencio Varela. Juan Manuel de Rosas


By José María Rosa

On January 13, 1845 in Paris, snowy night as the testimony of one of these, François Guizot, Prime Minister of Louis Philippe, King of the French, meets for dinner at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Plata technicians who were in the French capital.

agape emerge from that Anglo-French military intervention, and possible Brazilian cooperation in matters internal South American republics.

They attend the British ambassador Lord Cowley, Sir George Ouseley, who was leaving the Silver Rose leading the summons to Mr. De Lurde hitherto French charge d'affaires in Buenos Aires, Admiral Mackau, Minister of Marine, and I met Rosas in 1840 when peace was to take instructions from Thiers, Mr. Drain director general of the Ministry, and the Vicomte de Abrantes in Brazil's special mission to dock with the proposed expedition.

Background to the intervention since 1842 were you in that business. France had failed in its attempt to impose by force of their guns and their money " sowed civil war "to the Confederation of Argentina ruled by a man of strong character Rose.

In 1842 the policy of the "entente cordiale" of England and France revived the possibility of a new intervention, this time combined military forces of both nations was not acceptable for small countries that emerged from the English heritage could act as if States were in full use of its sovereignty and refused to receive the benefits "free trade, international tutelage, freedom of navigable rivers" of "trading nations."

had to be done first, the city of Montevideo a trading, Anglo-French common property, where Plata basin master then set the law of the sea "that is, free passage" to the Argentine interior rivers, and finally divided into fragments over the Argentina Confederation Rosas had insisted on keeping unscathed from the wreck of the oldest and largest Plata viceroyalty.

Hence the joint note that English and French ministers in Buenos Aires (Mandeville and De Purden) had happened to Rose just produced the battle of Arroyo Grande. December 1842: Oribe prohibited help to regain their Eastern government and threatened to take subsequent action if the Argentine soldiers crossed Uruguay in connection with the Orientals to expel the foreign legions kept Montevideo.

But Rose was deaf to the threats: more or less said that things only sent Argentina and the Argentine Eastern and Oriental. Consistent with its response, the allied army of Oribe, crossed the Uruguay, and in February 1843 began the siege of Montevideo, defended by the foreign legion and the British Admiral Purvis.

In February 1843 we were waiting for joint action now threatened by the note Lurde Mandeville and De Rosas had dared to challenge. But it never came. Is that 1843 was not an auspicious year for the entente cordiale, threatened to break over the issue of the marriage of the young queen of Spain.

The mission of Argentina Florencio Varela Hence the miserable failure of Argentine lawyer Florencio Varela, sent to London in August 1843 by the government of Montevideo Defense indication of British Admiral Purvis.

took instructions Aberdeen convince the chancellor that the "cause of humanity" demanded the immediate presence of the British fleet in the Plata.

also would manage the "permanent guardianship" English in order to save the silver in front of native barbarism. Protection intervention and paid "the instructions said" with absolute freedom of trade and free navigation of rivers.

To better fulfill its mission and document the "cause of civilization", the English house in Montevideo Lafone drew up a record of acts of barbarism that suited attributed to Rosas.

Argentine journalist José Rivera Indarte, showers for those duties, he was commissioned to write the record so that bulky impress in Europe: he was paid a penny a body attached to Rosas.

blood To draft boards, printing problems that would not be ready to embark upon Varela, but he would come to London at the end of its mission.
Aberdeen received
Varela. The deal was expected from the Argentine. However blood translate tables, the English did not seem excited about the horrors Indarte collected by Rivera, nor taken seriously "permanent guardianship" or anything that offered the former Argentine.

answer you coldly that Britain will defend the "cause of humanity" where and how they saw fit, without need of promoters or inducements, and did not care a farthing what they could offer the native auxiliaries.

England would do and what he would have agreed, without further agreement "with the major trading nations" associated with the company.

Varela does not understand, never understand anything about politics American or European. He does not understand the contempt for "the government" so favorable to England, or that they would ignore their tempting offers, never was aware of their position or sense of distances. Vase

Europe after a tour of Paris, where they were most successful blood Tables "mohino and disappointed of the" civilizing powers. " "England" he wrote in his travel diary "knows neither its own interests."

Guizot
Dinner In 1844 things improved and the 'entente cordiale' could resume. More warning Brazil that the government misled Montevideo then sends the commissioner: the Vicomte de Abrantes. Aberdeen

receives it better than Varela; the end of the day Brazil was an empire and not a government composed of eight blocks rated low, maintained by force of subsidies and legions.

But England does not want the participation of Brazil in the company to be in La Plata, was not expedient to strengthen the American empire or give input to the Plate. Abrantes represented

As an emperor could not pushed him off, as it did with Varela, will make it more diplomatically, but it will. After talking with

Abrantes in London (which has also come to speak "of the cause of civilization" English heard the nonsense "that the existence of slavery in Brazil was greater shame that all the horrors attributed to Rose by his enemies, ships it to Paris. There

ultimately fix the intervention and the possible participation of Brazil.

But this is dinner in the ministry of Guizot evening of 13 January 1845. Very French to discuss the action on the desktop. And to serve coffee and cognac, Guizot opens the debate on the question "What purpose and what means to give the speech? Abrantes not encouraged to apply "the cause of civilization" after what happened with Aberdeen.

Tables of blood could be useful to impress the public, but obviously no real impact on policymakers.

However, all are ostensibly advocates of the "cause of civilization", but adding the "needs of the commercial nations", the "independence of Uruguay, Paraguay and Entre Rios" had to preserve the Confederacy Argentina, and "free navigation of the rivers" Argentine eastern Paraguay and Entre Rios.

As Rosas ... Mackau, who has known in 1840 makes his praise: it is an incorruptible patriot, a skilled politician, a ruler of great energy and a very dear man for theirs.

course, is an obstacle to the intervention plans and bring forward cost, even against the combined fleets could do nothing.

of Lourdes, also he was known in Buenos Aires, breaks out in praise for Rose, his government has imposed the order which prevailed before the disorder, perhaps the Argentines had been accustomed to obey authority and could be replaced by another more friendly ruler of Europeans, but the point is that Rose would not yield to armed intervention "would take refuge in the plain and thence hostilizaría to ports."

He felt that the intervention will be to complete failure; best to leave well enough alone and treated as equals Roses "sacándole possible commercial benefits." Abrantes

agrees in part with De Lourdes. But do not believe that the intervention would be a complete failure. Combined Britain, France and Brazil, its force would be irresistible to Rosas could be pursued to the bottom of the pampa. But, yes, should use all means to get the win.

If no effective means are used (sea expedition and landing forces in overwhelming numbers), the better to forget about an intervention and "no exposure to the irritation of a man and Roses."
Ouseley
brings you word of English. Nothing landing expeditions that had failed twice in Buenos Aires (1806 and 1807).

What was sought was something else, for which the Argentine president had no strength to resist: a large naval expedition to lift the siege of Montevideo, took possession of the rivers, and manage and maintain the independence of Uruguay, Entre Ríos and Paraguay.

In Montevideo there would be a factory for large trading nations, the national agreement between the commercial and Brazil, would set the limits of the new states of the Plata. Buenos

trade agreements, partnership and browsing the join the trading nations. Abrantes

disconcerting to the repetition of "trading nations" which would seem to exclude Brazil, and asked what would be the Empire's participation in the company. "The Brazilian army operate concluding with Oribe ground." Abrantes

protest, because that would "receive only the Roses animosity, as the forces of Rosas is manifest by land, whether the three allies were involved in common, common also should be used."

Cowley short: England will not send ground shipments. Mackau

not want the participation of Brazil "that complicate the issue. "Ouseley says that a strong naval expedition could be fulfilled the objectives of the intervention: as regards Rosas and Argentina Confederation, isolated west of Paraná, could not resist what was done to the east of this river.
Guizot
summarizes the views as the end of debate.

would be used "only maritime means, unless like Brazil, using its ground forces, naval action would be strong enough allies to own the rivers, Eastern State in Mesopotamia and Paraguay, whose "independence be guaranteed.

These States would join with solid commercial ties and alliance with the auditors. Brazil withdraws

Abrantes reported that night to his government. He understood that very diplomatically does not want the Brazilian participation.

Aberdeen has not only demanded the renewal of treaties and alliances sided traffic as the previous esclavatura the alliance, but Brazil did not get any objective in the intervention.

Everything would be for trading nations, that would set the limits of the new States to the Empire (of course, to the detriment of the Empire), and alone would be the owners of the new republics. Brazil would be cut for all its classical expansion policy south.

addition, let the exclusivity of ground operations against Rosas was a way to obtain the withdrawal of the Empire, because Brazil does not only take such a responsibility. And terminating its mission pulls out of Paris. Intervention begins

Gore Ouseley, carrying the ultimatum before surgery, traveled to Buenos Aires. Demanded the withdrawal of Argentine troops besieging Montevideo, together with the eastern Oribe and the lifting of the Admiral Brown was in this port.

rejection was ruled by Rosas. Soon after came the Baron Deffaudis same purpose on behalf of France.
Rosas
While diplomats debate with the right of every nation, whatever their size or power to direct its foreign policy without foreign tutelage, were launched in Montevideo squads of England and France respectively commanded by admirals and Lainé Inglefield. Earrings

still talks in Buenos Aires, both admirals seized the Argentine buquecillos Brown blocking Montevideo, thrown into the water, the flag of Argentina and placed them atop the Garibaldi Corsair.

Given this fact, occurred on August 2, 1845 - Rosas shall report to the Legislature, which authorized him "to resist the intervention and save the integrity of the motherland. "Deffaudis Ouseley and received passports to leave Buenos Aires. The war had begun.

Bound (November 20) On 30 August the Allied fleet intimate surrender to Cologne, which is not being complied with crumbling by gunfire the next day. Garibaldi, with ships from Argentina, which now owns, is involved in this act and emphasized in the assault that followed.

September 5 admirals take over Martín García: Garibaldi, with their own hands, which were later engraved in bronze on a square in Buenos Aires, Argentina flag lowered.

From there the fleet is divided. The Anglo-French back Parana, while Garibaldi taken by Uruguay and its tributaries, the privateer seizes and plunders Gualeguaychú, Salto, Concordia and other defenseless points, returning to Montevideo with a huge booty of war. Meanwhile

Trehouart Hontham and sailing the Parana in demonstration of sovereignty, and to open communications with his army "assistant" that, under the command of General Paz, worked in Corrientes.

But on 20 November, around the next corner of Obligado, a heavy chain are supported by pontoons that blocked the river, while land batteries began the fire.

Mansilla is the general who orders of Roses has fortified the Vuelta de Obligado and will pay dearly for crossing to the controllers.

At the sight of foreign vessels has been singing the National Anthem and troops opened fire with shore batteries.

Trehouart Hontham and answer and rain down on the little garrison Argentina shells of the great European naval guns.

battle lasted seven hours, the most heroic of our history (from 10 am to 5 pm). Not expired, you could not win.

Just wanted to give the controllers a quiet lesson in courage Creole. He resisted as long as there lives and ammunition, but the overwhelming enemy superiority reached to cut the chain and put away combat the batteries. Bizarro

feat of arms, which in turn qualifies Inglefield, unfortunately accompanied by great loss of lives of our sailors and ships irreparable damage.

So many losses have been due "to the obstinacy of the enemy," says the brave admiral.

Has won? The squad, depleted and in poor condition, comes to Corrientes, and then try to return. The Quebracho

near San Lorenzo, Mansilla wait again with new batteries made by Rosas. Again a battle over a "victory"-the passage was forced, with huge losses.

From there solve Admirals enclosed in Montevideo, Parana travel is very dangerous and very costly.

Disposes independent the draft Mesopotamia managed by the controllers in the ALCAR treated because Urquiza no longer felt safe. Undo the action. Shortly after

-13 July 1846 - Samuel Thomas Hood, with full powers of England and France, has humbly before Rosas "the most honorable retirement possible joint action." Rosas would pay juicy price laurels.

So on November 20, the anniversary of the battle of obligations, for the Argentine Sovereignty Day.

Some apologists have denied Varela Peace complaint, not to refer the instructions Varela independence of Mesopotamia. But they had nothing to say these instructions from the government of Montevideo on a matter that was alien. Moreover, the allocation of Peace can not astonish those who know the politics of those years: the independence of Mesopotamia was a long cherished by those seeking purpose in larger portions fragmenting the former colony. I wanted to England and France in 1845, as Brazil did in 1851. They could not satisfy the first by the strong rejection of Rosas could not do the latter by the British opposition to create a republic in favor of Brazil. In its favor, as in 1845 and 1846 - was another matter. Urquiza was no stranger to dismember the two purposes of Argentina.

Returning with Varela. Despite the radical expression of the History of the Academy "The charge of dismembering the Mesopotamia made Varela, had no more need than to be wrong. If it does reformulated should be regarded as unfounded" VII, 2 sc., p.265), it is certain that Varela, Lane and most of the unit and still the same Urquiza wanted to dismember the Mesopotamia. Documentary evidence is unequivocal and decisive.

Actually, no matter what I said or intended Florencio Varela. The dismemberment of Mesopotamia had not unfortunately been the most deplorable of his sad mission. Who was instructed to provide permanent protection of England in the Plate, it matters little that he wanted his country administratively divided into two or fourteen servings.

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